Thank you both. Expanding the history, here's a very Cliff Notes version of what I could find over the course of about 15 minutes.
Pre-Iron Age: Canaanites
Iron Age (BC): Israel rules most of it, Canaanites a little of it
300 BC: Alexander The Great (Greek gods)
50BC: Romans vs Jews (culture is a mix of "Greek culture, Roman law, and the rights of Jews in the Empire"
4th century: "Roman Empire christened, Palestine became a center of Christianity"
5th century: "Muslim conquest of the Levant (Syria)" - rule the area for hundreds of years.
11th century: First Crusade (Christians) take the area from Islamic rule, establish Jerusalem.
12th century: Egypt (Muslims) take it back.
16th century: Ottoman Empire takes it.
In 1516, the Ottoman Turks invaded and occupied Palestine, an occupation that lasted for 402 years (1516-1918), except for the 9 years between 1831 and 1840, when the Egyptian Governor Muhammad Ali sent his troops to capture Palestine under the command of his son Ibrahim Pasha.
20th century: Britain takes it in 1920s, creates Jewish state in 1940s.
During World War I, it was captured by the United Kingdom as part of the Sinai and Palestine campaign. The League of Nations gave Britain mandatory power over Palestine in 1922. British colonial rule and Arab efforts to prevent Jewish migration into Palestine led to growing sectarian violence between Arabs and Jews, eventually causing the British government to announce its intention to terminate the Mandate in 1947. The United Nations General Assembly recommended partitioning Palestine into two states; one Arab and one Jewish. However, the situation in Palestine had deteriorated into a civil war between Arabs and Jews. The Arabs rejected the Partition Plan, the Jews ostensibly accepted it, declaring the independence of the State of Israel in May 1948 upon the termination of the British mandate. Nearby Arab countries invaded Palestine, but Israel not only prevailed but also conquered far more territory of the Mandate than envisioned by the Partition Plan. After the war, only two parts of Palestine remained in Arab control: the West Bank (and East-Jerusalem), annexed by Jordan, and the Gaza Strip (occupied by Egypt), which were conquered by Israel during the Six-Day War in 1967. Despite international objections, Israel started to establish settlements in these occupied territories.
Summary: What a mess!
Hot take from Howard Stern about Israel/Palestine, on his 9/5/2002 show
Caller: "You always take the Israeli side no matter what happens"
Howard: "Israel's a democracy, number one. Israel supports us."
Caller: "Can't democracies make mistakes?"
Howard: "I see that Israel is a little country that exists on a piece of desert that no one wanted. The second they started making it profitable, taking that desert and growing oranges - who the hell knows how Isreal makes money. They have no oil. There were a bunch of nomads living on it. It was not even a country. They're just sitting there. Now every Arab country wants to kill and wipe them off the face of the Earth. Whose side would you take?
Caller: Howard, you're not answering my question though. I'm not saying Israel's always wrong.
Howard: How could they be wrong?
Caller: When they're blowing up little kids! Aren't they wrong? Do little kids deserve to die?
Howard: Of course they do if you're at war! What do you think happens in a war, shmuck?
Caller: That's what the Palestinians are saying. They're saying the same thing.
Howard: How are the Israeli's supposed to fight without killing anyone?
Caller: Well they shouldn't target civilians should they?
Howard: Well how could you not target civilians? Where would you attack? Have you ever been in war?
Caller: They know iIf a little kid's walking down the street, don't machine gun them down.
Howard: Then explain suicide bombers. If they stop the suicide bombing they wouldn't be machine gunning anybody.
Caller: I'm agreeing with you. Suicide bombing's not the right thing.
Howard: So what do you do if you have somebody walking into your country every day blowing your ass up for no apparent reason other than the fact that you're Jewish. It's called Nazi-ism. What do you do to defend yourself? If I come over there and punch you in the head are you gonna stand there and take it, stupid?
Caller: No, but I'm not gonna- [HOWARD HANGS UP ON HIM]
Howard: Get out of my life. How stupid can you be?
Robin: Well he's acting as if there's an actual uniformed enemy that Israel can target.